> ## Content Index > Fetch the complete content index at: https://www.upscprep.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover other available public pages before exploring further. # Previse 2025: Policies and Doctrines: British India - URL: https://www.upscprep.com/previse-2024-policies-and-doctrines-british-india-upsc/ - Published: 2024-06-07T08:28:59.000Z - Updated: 2025-05-01T05:42:35.000Z - Description: GS1 | History - Author: UPSCprep.com - Tags: Previse 2025, History, UPSC Prelims, #show-toc ### **Permanent settlement of Bengal 1793** ![Permanent Settlement act 1793 | UPSC](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/fcqe4GpQisE/maxresdefault.jpg) - The Permanent Settlement was established by Cornwallis in 1793 in Odisha, Bihar, and Bengal and later extended to Varanasi. - It was an agreement between the East India Company and landlords in Bengal. - Under this, the government of Bengal adopted a system where landowners had to pay a fixed amount of money to the government. - The landowners or zamindars or talukdars had the power to decide how much rent to charge and could even remove tenants from the land. --- ### **Policy of Ring of Fence (1765-1813)** ![Policy of Ring of Fence (1765-1813) | UPSC](https://storage.ghost.io/c/92/07/9207d054-5e99-4b26-b8c8-424994497a07/content/images/2024/06/image-29.png) - This policy was reflected in the wars against the Marathas and Mysore by Warren Hastings with the idea to create buffer zones and defend the Company's frontiers. - Wellesley's subsidiary alliance policy was an extension of the ring fence policy. - The East India Company would send troops to aid allies and the cost of the upkeep of troops being borne by the rulers of the state --- ### **Subsidiary Alliance** ![Subsidiary Alliance | UPSC](https://storage.ghost.io/c/92/07/9207d054-5e99-4b26-b8c8-424994497a07/content/images/2024/06/image-30.png) - Clive's successor Richard Wellesley followed a non-interventionist approach but subsequently adopted and developed the subsidiary alliance. - Though Wellesley started the subsidiary alliance, it was French Governor Dupleix who coined the name. - The Allied Indian State had to approve permanent stationing of a British force within the territory, pay a subsidy for its maintenance and disband its own military force. - The State also had to pay for the upkeep of the British troops and the British promised to defend the Indian state from any foreign attack.\\ - The Indian States' Subsidiary Alliances were formed in this order- Hyderabad (1798), Mysore (1799), Tanjore (1799), Awadh (1801), Peshwa (Marathas) (1802), Scindia (Marathas) (1803) and Gaekwad (Marathas) (1803). --- ![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/92/07/9207d054-5e99-4b26-b8c8-424994497a07/content/images/2024/06/1.-UPSCprep-Banner-13.png) [Join Now](https://courses.upscprep.com/products?ref=upscprep.com) --- ### **Policy of Subordinate Isolation (1813-1857)** ![Policy of Subordinate Isolation (1813-1857) | UPSC](https://storage.ghost.io/c/92/07/9207d054-5e99-4b26-b8c8-424994497a07/content/images/2024/06/image-31.png) - When imperialism grew, the Indian states worked in subordinate cooperation acknowledging the supremacy of the British government. - British Residents were elevated from diplomatic agents of a foreign power to executive and command officers of a superior government which was aided by the Charter Act of 1833. - The Board of Directors issued guidelines in 1834 to annex states whenever and wherever possible which resulted in Dalhousie's annexation policy --- ### **Doctrine of Lapse** ![Doctrine of Lapse | UPSC](https://storage.ghost.io/c/92/07/9207d054-5e99-4b26-b8c8-424994497a07/content/images/2024/06/image-32.png) - This doctrine was based on a pro-imperialist approach and it meant that if there is no heir or ruler, the state must be given up to the British and no adopted child be considered as heir. - Only the ruler's personal possessions would be passed down to the adopted successor. - Any princely state under the direct or indirect sovereignty of the East India Company would be annexed if the ruler did not produce a legal male successor. - By this, the Company took over the princely states of **Satara** (1848), **Jaitpur**, **Sambalpur** (1849), **Baghat** (1850), **Udaipur** (Chhattisgarh State) (1852), **Jhansi** (1854), **Nagpur** (1854), **Tanjore** and **Arcot** (1855). --- ### **Policy of Masterly Inactivity** ![Policy of Masterly Inactivity | UPSC | Bookstawa](https://storage.ghost.io/c/92/07/9207d054-5e99-4b26-b8c8-424994497a07/content/images/2024/06/image-33.png) - This policy was initiated by John Lawrence (1864–69) in response to the disasters of the First Afghan War. - There was no intervention in the succession war even after Dost Mohammed died in 1863. - The policy was based on two conditions: that the peace at the border was not disturbed and no candidate sought foreign assistance. - His foreign policy was of self-reliance and self-restraint rather than defiance. --- ### **Policy of Proud Reserve** ![Why was a letter about the assassination bid on British viceroy Lytton removed from public archives?](https://sc0.blr1.cdn.digitaloceanspaces.com/article/183338-ktpsnvpchd-1669277048.jpg) - Lytton the Viceroy initiated a new foreign policy of 'proud reserve,' to establish scientific frontiers and preserve 'spheres of influence.' - He was against ambiguity in relations with Afghanistan and wanted to pursue an aggressive approach. - Lytton wanted to bring about the slow breakdown and weakening of Afghan power by conquering and annexing specific regions.. - This policy resulted in the Second Afghan War (1878–1880) and the signing of the Treaty of Gandamak. --- ### **Policy of Subordinate Union (1857-1935)** ![1857 mutiny: Britain's divide and rule policy has been institutionalised in India, Pakistan | UPSC](https://sc0.blr1.digitaloceanspaces.com/large/882663-xlgbddnvpu-1528978710.jpeg) - This policy came into force when the Crown assumed direct responsibility in the year 1858. - The policy of annexation was abandoned due to the states' loyalty during the 1857 revolt. - The idea of Indian states as independent, sovereign states on equal footing with the Crown ended with the Queen adopting the title of 'Kaiser-i-Hind'. - The British government intervened in the internal affairs of states. ## Sign up for UPSCprep.com Simplify your UPSC journey Subscribe Email sent! 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