> ## Content Index > Fetch the complete content index at: https://www.upscprep.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover other available public pages before exploring further. # Sociology Daily Answer Writing (09-09-2022) - URL: https://www.upscprep.com/sociology-daily-answer-writing-09-09-2022/ - Published: 2022-09-08T17:22:27.000Z - Updated: 2022-09-08T17:22:27.000Z - Description: Free answer writing initiative for Sociology optional in UPSC mains - Author: UPSCprep.com - Tags: Socio Daily Writing ### Questions 1. Marx has conceptualised the society in terms of different stages. Discuss. 20 2. Family may be functional but it does not hold absolute functionality. Discuss. 10 [Integrated Prelims + Mains Test SeriesFor UPSC Prelims and Mains 2023![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/92/07/9207d054-5e99-4b26-b8c8-424994497a07/content/images/size/w256h256/2022/06/logo--1--1.png)UPSCprep.com![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/92/07/9207d054-5e99-4b26-b8c8-424994497a07/content/images/2022/08/Screenshot-2022-08-22-at-2.52.20-PM-1.png)](https://www.upscprep.com/upsc-integrated-test-series/) Test series with one-to-one Mentorship! ### Model Solutions **Q1\. Marx has conceptualised the society in terms of different stages. Discuss. 20** **Model Structure** **Introduction** - Marx used the term mode of production to refer to the specific organisation of economic production in a given society. It includes the means of production used by a given society, such as factories and other facilities, machines, and raw materials. **Main Body** - Marx gave six evolutionary modes of production. Every new mode of production displaces the earlier one because of various factors like weakness of the earlier systems, antagonism, class struggle etc. - Modes of production: - Primitive Communism - Everyone had equal access to forces of production and was a hunter and gatherer society. - Relations of production based upon cooperation. - With the invention of new tools, forces became sophisticated. - The communal structure of society broke up as a new form of social organisation emerged with the emergence of private ownership. - Ancient Slave Mode of Production - Few people have control over skills and tools. Others are subordinates to them. - Those who held command over tools emerged as masters and those who became dependent became slaves. - Slaves did not have control on their labours as well. - Exploitation increased with the increase in population, due to increase in the demand. - Feudalistic Mode of Production - Society was divided into landowning feudal lords and landless serfs. - Land was central to economic activity. - Serfs were forced to cultivate on the land of feudal lords and had to pay tax and service. - Capitalist Mode of Production - Capital is central to production. - Society is divided into haves and have nots. - Only labour produces wealth, still wages are too low. - Workers start feeling alienated. - Marx argued that exploited workers will unite and class consciousness will rise, which will result in revolt heralding a new mode of production – socialistic mode of production, eventually leading to communism. Beside these he gave two more futuristic modes of production: - Socialistic Mode of Production - It is a transitory mode of production. - The Proletariat will control the forces of production. - Marx calls it the dictatorship of the proletariat. - However Marx argued that control by workers shall also come to an end to realise the true potential of human beings. - Advanced Communism - It is the final mode where forces of production will be communally owned as workers too will renounce their rule. - Everyone will carry on his or her own creative pursuit. - It will be a classless society. - It will be the last mode of production as the contradictions and class struggles will be resolved in this mode. - Marx termed the futuristic modes of production as negation of negation as these modes negate a mode of production which has itself negated another mode of production. - He was criticised for - The reductionist approach. - He predicts that the dialectic process will cease without giving adequate reasoning. - Asiatic mode of production. **Conclusion** - Thus Marx’s dynamic model of society was based on the continuous change in the forces and relations of production in response to changing material conditions. --- **Q2\. Family may be functional but it does not hold absolute functionality. Discuss. 10** **Model Structure** **Introduction** - Family is defined by Giddens as ‘a group of persons directly linked by kin connections, the adult members of which assume responsibility of caring for the children'. **Main Body** - Functionalists like Murdock gave four key features of family viz. Reproduction, sexual, economic and education. - According to Parsons family plays a role of stabilising adult personality through emotional affectional bond. He argued that family does the socialisation of children by inculcating norms and values of the society. But, - David Cooper argued that family kills the creative potential of children as they are socialised to submit themselves to society - Engels argues that when the society shifts to communism the family would lose its relevance. - Vogel and Bell argued that children often become scapegoats in families. As there are constant conflicts between parents. - Feminists argue that families alot roles to the individual. Male plays the instrumental role and females are allotted the expressive roles. - Today many alternatives have appeared to the functions of the family like live ins have replaced the sexual function played by family. **Conclusion** - The family may have undergone certain alterations but have not collapsed completely.