> ## Content Index > Fetch the complete content index at: https://www.upscprep.com/llms.txt > Use this file to discover other available public pages before exploring further. # C7 Challenges to Social Transformation - URL: https://www.upscprep.com/sociology-paper2-challenges-social-transformation/ - Published: 2022-12-02T15:38:52.000Z - Updated: 2023-07-06T16:05:29.000Z - Author: Abhijeet Y - Tags: Sociology Notes ### Topics of interest for CSE 1. Crisis of development: displacement, environmental problems and sustainability. 2. Poverty, deprivation, and inequalities. 3. Violence against women. 4. Caste conflicts. 5. Ethnic conflicts, communalism, religious revivalism. 6. Illiteracy and disparities in education. C-PERKS - Change, Politics, Economy, Religion, Kinship, Stratification ### Globalisation - Change - Buy local trends. Increasing protectionism. - Politics - Farmer protests show that mass mobilisation in agrarian economies is still powerful. - Economy - Top 1% own 44% of global wealth. Agrarian transition needs to be managed well to ensure inclusive and equitable growth. - Religion - Rising fundamentalist violence in France due to increased immigration. - Kinship - Rising rates of divorce and conflict due to people choosing their own partners in India. - Stratification - Entrenched inequality and frozen mobility. Sandel. Development of underdevelopment. India and Bharat. ### Displacement 22 million people displaced and of them 40% are tribals. - Change - Forest Rights Act 2006 provides Gram Sabha the right to refuse. Vedanta project scrapped in OD. - Politics - 46% of Patta rights of tribals denied. - Economy - Double whammy, displaced to facilitate development and then excluded from the benefits of that development. - Religion - Destroys little traditions rooted in region. - Kinship - People loose contact with close relatives due to displacement. - Stratification - Rise in homelessness, poverty and lack of adequate compensation. Become migrant labour in cities. Live in slums. --- [Learn Sociology with Us](https://courses.upscprep.com/products/?category=76&ref=upscprep.com) --- ### Environmental Issues BGREI - Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India - Change - Agricultural commercialisation leading to soil stress, tech treadmill and increasing debt trap. - Politics - Precautionary principle by courts, NCAP, Paris deal. - Economy - Environmental adaptation costing. Loss and damage as part of the Paris deal. - Religion - Sacred groves under threat. Navdanya as eco-feminism. - Kinship - - Stratification - Green ### Women - Change - 4th wave feminism. Me too movement. - Politics - 12% in Parliament. AG says more female justices needed. - Economy - 25% wage gap. 15% owners in agri, 65% labour. - Religion - Sabarimala verdict uphold human dignity over religious freedom. - Kinship - Divorce rate of 1.3%. NCRB: Married women 17% of suicides. Jesse Bernard. - Stratification - Patriarchal mindset - SC judge asks rapist to visit victim. ![](https://storage.ghost.io/c/92/07/9207d054-5e99-4b26-b8c8-424994497a07/content/images/2023/07/data-src-image-396b8ea0-5a5a-428b-969b-23af173f9044.png) ### Poverty - 10th Agri Census in 2015 found that 86% of all farmers are small and marginal. - Average landholding in India is 1.08 ha and declining. - Change - Commercial agriculture leading to increasing debt for farmers. - Politics - Social programmes like PMAY, NFSA, MGNREGS are core promises. - Economy - Bhagwati Sen debate on top down or bottom up development. Covid forced bottom up approach. - Religion - - Kinship - - Stratification - ### Deprivation - From 2015-19 PB Govt has rejected almost 60% of cases of farmer suicide as ineligible. - Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification ### Inequality - Oxfam Poverty report 2018 said that the top 1% of India cornered more than 70% of the total wealth generated in the year. - Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification - ### Caste conflicts - The best criminal policy is a good social policy - Franz von Liszt - Change - Oliver Mendelsohn. Forms of Dalit atrocities changing. - Politics - AJGAR castes ignoring conflicts and coming together to grab power. MNS. - Economy - - Religion - - Kinship - - Stratification - Caste based stratification still strong as recent case of Dalit beaten to death in UP for riding a horse in his wedding shows. ### Communalism Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification - ### Religious revival Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification - ### Secularism French model of secularism - laicite. Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification - ### Ethnic Conflicts Change -Politics -Economy -Religion -Kinship -Stratification - ### Illiteracy - Change - 90% literacy in India in 18-24 age group. But low learning outcomes ASER report. - Politics - HR, RJ laws that makes matriculation necessary for PRI elections. Aimed to push literacy. 4 MPs in 17th LS 5th pass. - Economy - Huebler: Positive correlation between literacy and GDP growth. - Religion - Illiteracy at 32% in muslims, 26% average. Jains 95% and Christians 85% literate. - Kinship - SRS: TFR in illiterate women touches 3\. Graduates - 1.7\. NFHS: literacy delays marriage. - Stratification - Excluded from credentialed economic market. EO Wright. Illiteracy in women at 34% as compared to 18% men. Literacy in Dalits at 66% compared to 74% average. ### Disparities in Education - Rakesh Maurya - phenomenological study systematic exclusion of Dalit students in UP colleges. - Change - Covid19 pushed digital education to limits. Infrastructure inadequate. Case of Aishwarya Reddy. - Politics - NEP2020 aiming to make education more responsive and skill oriented. - Economy - Low skilling rate in India, at 2.5%. Demographic dividend may not be fully realised. - Religion - Sachar Committee says that muslims have lowest literacy rate as a religious community. - Kinship - NFHS4 data shows that increasing education delays marriage age for women. - Stratification - Development in India has favoured the urban educated groups. **Y Singh**. FACTS:Urbanisation: Isher Judge Ahluwalia